Podcasts by MCAT Modules - Review

8:3. DNA Libraries and Generating cDNA from 2020-08-15T19:31:10

Prot —> mRNA —> cDNA —> dsDNA. (Step 2 via reverse transcriptase and step 3 via DNA Polymerase). Now the dsDNA is injected into a virus which infects bacteria to make lots of the DNA.

8:2. Polymerase Chain Reaction from 2020-08-15T19:18:12

Denaturation (Heat to high temp), Primer Annealing (Cool slightly), Primer Extension via polymerase (Heat but not as much as step 1).

8:1. Gel Electrophoresis from 2020-08-15T19:03:46

GE find us the length of a DNA Strand (how many base pairs long).

7:5. Applying the HP Equation from 2020-08-10T21:15:58

Not really sure why I did a module on this - basically you know they’re homo recessive because they have blue eyes (the recessive trait), and you know to use q BECAUSE we’re dealing with the recess...

7:4. The Hardy-Weinberg Equation from 2020-08-10T21:11:48

HP Equation gives P(allele frequencies). P^2 is probability of homo dominant, Q^2 is probability of homo recessive, 2pq is probability of heterozygous allele combo. P = frequency of dom allele, Q =...

7:3. Worked Example: Punnett Squares from 2020-08-10T21:00:29

Discusses Dihybrid Crosses and the Law of Independent Assortment.

7:2. Co-dominance and Incomplete Dominance from 2020-08-10T20:44:20

Don’t let the title fool you. This is short. Discusses complete, incomplete, and co-dominance.

7:1. An Introduction to Mendelian Genetics from 2020-08-10T20:38:49

Discuss genes, alleles, geno/phenotypes, and punnet squares. The Khan Academy video discusses the history (Gregor Mendel) but let’s be real, who cares.

6:5. The Effects of Mutations from 2020-08-10T20:18:34

Mutations can be good, bad, or both.

6:4. Mutagens and Carcinogens from 2020-08-10T20:10:32

Define mutagens and then discuss endogenous and exogenous mutagens. (Endo: ROS); (Exo: intercalators, base analogues, carcinogens)

6:3. The Causes of Genetic Mutations from 2020-08-04T01:08:20

Small scale mutations (point: TTM; frame-shift: ID) and Large-scale mutations (translocation, inversion).

6:2. The Different Types of Mutations from 2020-08-04T00:44:06

Point, Frame Shift, and Nonsense vs. Missense. Further divided Missense to Silent, Conservative, and Non-Conservative.

6:1. Introduction to Genetic Mutations from 2020-08-03T20:45:01

Clarifies that mutations arise at the DNA level, and from where mutations originate.

5:7. Tumor Suppressors from 2020-08-03T20:00:08

Discusses categories of tumor suppressors and then 2 examples: pRb and p53, both proteins.

5:6. Oncogenes from 2020-08-03T01:30:59

Discusses the 3 mechanisms through which oncogenes are formed from proto-oncogenes, and types of oncogenes with examples.

5:5. Non-Coding RNA from 2020-07-26T23:52:04

I discuss ncRNAs (RNA that’s ready to perform tasks w/o becoming protein) and then move onto rRNA, tRNA, miRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA. Have fun with all these acronyms lol

5:4. Post-Transcriptional Regulation from 2020-07-20T03:36:58

Not really an important module but skip to 6:18 for new stuff (RNA Editing via the ADAR and CDAR Enzymes)

5:3. Regulation of Transcription from 2020-07-19T00:07:55

Discusses GTFs, then discusses activators/repressors and enhancers/silencers. Finally distinguishes between regulation of transcriptional euk and prok organisms.

5:2. DNA and Chromatin Regulation from 2020-07-18T03:03:49

Discusses HAT and HDAC enzymes to uncoil/coil DNA (uncoil = activate for transcription) then transitioned into DNA methylation as it relates to CpG Islands and MBB’s.

5:1. The Lac Operon - Part 2 from 2020-06-30T19:10:52

More terminology of the Lac Operon mechanism, refined ideas from the first part.

4:16. DNA Structure and Function (Random Info) from 2020-06-30T16:57:25

End of chapter random info (as I’ve done before). Although pay attention to end where I discuss donor:acceptor ratios of nucleobases.

4:15. The Jacob Monod Lac Operon from 2020-06-29T22:00:17

Discusses why gene expression regulation occurs @ transcription level. Discusses the Jacob Monod Lac Operon’s structure (ZYA) and function (lactose metabolism) and how the repressor (@operator site...

4:14. Protein Modification from 2020-06-27T18:28:16

LISTEN @ 2x speed (on Apple podcasts). Discusses co- and post-translational modifications (GLUMPP) which occur for those proteins that aren’t fully ready to work even after translation finishes.

4:13. Semi-Conservative Replication from 2020-06-26T02:10:36

Discusses the conservative (Incorrect), dispersive(Incorrect), and Semi-Conservative (Correct) theories of replication.

4:12. DNA Repair 2 (response to Dimers) + Summary of BOTH DNA Repairs from 2020-06-26T02:04:32

Discuss endo- and exogenous factors that damage DNA, the process of Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER), and what happens when NER fails.

4:11. DNA Repair 1 (response to Mutations) from 2020-06-24T20:46:04

(This is where the modules get longer/content heavy). Discusses exo- and endonucleases as well as the Mismatch Repair Mechanism as a physiological fail safe.

4:10. Differences in translation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes from 2020-06-22T01:28:13

Strand structure, protection factors (proks have none), and starting A2 (proks = fmet // euks = met)

4:9. Translation from 2020-06-21T22:13:47

Discusses the process using the APE Sites.

4:8. Speed and Precision of DNA Replication from 2020-06-21T21:50:23

USELESS MODULE // I didn’t think I’d actually get it to 45 seconds LOL

4:7. Transcription and mRNA Processing from 2020-06-21T21:47:53

I know we talked about this in 4:1 but this has more detail. Distinguishes between eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription and reviews eukaryotic transcription in detail (with processing).

4:6. The DNA Replication Process from 2020-06-20T23:44:49

(Yes it has a different name). The 8-step process.

4:5. Telomeres and Single Copy DNA vs. Repetitive DNA from 2020-06-19T21:52:31

Introduce telomeres as “protective caps” to ensure protection and quality replication of DNA sequences. Also discuss single copy DNA (important for genetic info) vs repetitive DNA (telomeres are an...

4:4. Antiparallel Structure of DNA Strands from 2020-06-19T21:27:23

The strands (each of the 2 sugar phosphate backbones) run in opposite directions. That is all.

4:3. Molecular Structure of DNA from 2020-06-19T21:08:39

Really just a recap of the previous module + the types of bonding that forms the Double Helix

4:2. DNA (Overview) from 2020-06-19T20:55:47

Discuss DNA’s basic structure as well as the nitrogenous base pairs.

4:1. Eukaryotic gene transcription (DNA —> RNA) from 2020-06-16T22:47:56

(Content heavy!) Transcription, Structural Differences of Nucleic Acids, mRNA Processing, and RNA Interference

3:7. The Lineweaver-Burke Plot from 2020-06-15T22:29:59

Search up the Lineweaver-Burke Plot on your own.

3:6. Covalent Modifications to Enzynes from 2020-06-15T22:26:14

Covalent Modifications are changes made to a protein to accomplish a variety of tasks (activate, deactivate, etc). I discuss Small Post-translational Modifications, Zymogens, and Suicide Inhibitors.

3:5. Non-enzymatic Protein Function from 2020-06-15T21:41:35

MARTI (Motor, Antibodies, Receptors, Transport, and Ion Channel) Proteins. Don’t forget LITHOL for types of enzymes.

3:4. Allosteric Regulation and Feedback Loops from 2020-06-14T18:45:28

Discuss allostery, feedback loops, and the phosphofructokinase enzyme and it how it is involved in a feedback loop. (Pretty long module)

3:3. Cooperativity (or Cooperative Binding) from 2020-06-11T18:16:56

Details positive, negative, and noncooperation binding.

3:2. Steady States and the Michaelis-Mentin Equation from 2020-06-11T17:26:35

Discusses the steady state assumption and its equation, the MM Equation, and the catalytic efficiency equation. Also notes Kcat and Km and their interpretations.

3:1. An Introduction to Enzymes Kinetics from 2020-06-11T04:04:46

I discuss the 3 assumptions that allow for the (many) conclusions we will reach later in this season.

2:7. Enzymes and their Local Environment from 2020-06-11T02:16:23

The effects of the pH and Temperature factors on catalysis.

2:6. Cofactors, Coenzymes, and Vitamins from 2020-06-11T02:04:50

What they are and some examples. Discuss his minerals as well.

2:5. Six Types of Enzymes from 2020-06-11T01:11:01

LITHOL // Transferase, ligase, oxidoreductase, isomerase, hydroplane, lyase

2:4. Induced Fit Model of Enzyme Catalysis from 2020-06-09T19:52:02

Details active and allosteric site binding and distinguishes between reaction and regulation.

2:3. Enzymes and Activation Energy from 2020-06-09T01:11:30

Details how catalysts affect a reaction.

2:2. Intro to Enzymes and Catalysts from 2020-06-08T20:01:25

It’s in the title.

2:1. Enzyme Structure and Function from 2020-06-08T18:17:37

Discusses catalytic conditions and collision theory.

1:10. The Structure and Function of Globular Proteins from 2020-06-08T18:13:37

Notes on the final module from this chapter (Amino Acids and Proteins).

1:9. Conformational Stability: Protein Folding and Denaturation from 2020-06-08T17:58:42

Distinguish between activated and deactivated proteins and how each form is reached.

1:8. 4 Levels of Protein Structure from 2020-06-07T01:20:34

Discusses the four levels of protein structure and what factors allow for distinction between them.

1:7. Classification of Amino Acids from 2020-06-04T22:53:19

FILLER EPISODE

1:6. Isoelectric Point (pI) and Zwitterions from 2020-06-04T21:01:06

Discuss pI in relation to pH and Zwitterions.

1:5. Amino Acid Structure from 2020-06-04T20:39:33

Structure of Amino Acids

1:4. Special Cases: His, pro, gly, cys from 2020-06-04T20:33:03

I elaborate on special cases in Amino Acids.

1:3. Peptide Bond - Formation and Cleavage from 2020-06-02T23:57:32

I detail how peptide bonds are formed (NYC-add-slim) and cleaved (specific and nonspecific methods).

1:2. Central Dogma - Revisited from 2020-06-02T23:38:07

Should really be titled “Exception to the Dogma”. I detail 4 processes that violate the Central Dogma.

1:1. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology from 2020-06-02T20:30:26

Details what the dogma states and what it specifies.

MCAT Modules - Review (Trailer) from 2020-06-02T20:13:12